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 ♦️Revision Notes on Arithmetic Progression♦️ If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference of the arithmetic progression, then its nth term is given by an = a+(n-1)d The sum, Sn of the first ‘n’ terms of the A.P. is given by Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d] If Sn is the sum of n terms of an A.P. whose first term is ‘a’ and last term is ‘l’,Sn = (n/2)(a + l) If common difference is d, number of terms n and the last term l, then Sn = (n/2)[2l-(n -1)d] If a fixed number is added or subtracted from each term of an A.P., then the resulting sequence is also an A.P. and it has the same common difference as that of the original A.P.  If each term of A.P is multiplied by some constant or divided by a non-zero fixed constant, the resulting sequence is an A.P. again.   If a1, a2, a3, …, an andb1, b2, b3, …, bn, are in A.P. then a1+b1, a2+b2, a3+b3, ……, an+bn and a1–b1, a2–b2, a3–b3, ……, an–bn will also be in A.P. Suppose a1, a2, a3, ……,an are in A.P. then an, an–1, ……, a3, a...

 🧯Chemical Effects of Electric Current ✍️Introduction ➖Most of the liquids that conduct electricity belong to solutions of acids, bases and salts. ➖Some liquids are good conductors and some are poor conductors of electricity. ➖The passage of an electric current through a conducting liquid normally causes chemical reactions and the resulting effects of this reaction are known as chemical effects of currents. ➖The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is known as electroplating. ➖Electroplating is commonly used in industry for coating metal objects with a thin layer of a different metal. ➖Coating of zinc is applied on iron to protect it from the corrosion and formation of rust. 🧯Magnetic Effects of Electric Current ✍️Introduction ➖The electricity and magnetism are linked to each other and it is proved when the electric current passes through the copper wire, it produces a magnetic effect. ➖The electromagnetic effects first ti...

 Control and Coordination ✍️Introduction ➖In multicellular organisms, following the general principles of body organization, some specialized tissues are used to provide the control and coordination activities. ✍️Nervous System ➖Nervous system is specialized system that provide control and coordination in animals. ➖All information, coming from our environment is detected by the specialized tips of some nerve cells, which are usually located in sense organs. ➖The information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. ➖This (electrical) impulse, which travels from the dendrite tip to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end of the axon, sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and create a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. ➖Likewise, the nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is dedicat...

 🔷Matter In Our Surroundings🔷 Everything found in this universe is made up of some materials, scientists have named them as “matter.” For example, the food we eat, the air we breathe, stones, clouds, stars, plants, animals, water, dust, everything is categorized as matter. ♦️Characteristics of Particles of Matter ➖Particles of matter are very small, normally, not visible from naked eye. ➖Particles of matter keep moving continuously, which is known as the “kinetic energy.” ➖Kinetic energy of particles directly depends on the temperature, as temperature increases, the speed of the movement also increases. ➖The particles of matter have attracting force; therefore, they attract each other. ➖The attracting force of the particles keeps the particles together; however, the strength of the attracting force varies from one kind of matter to another. States of Matter Matter has three following states − ➖Solid State ➖Liquid State ➖Gaseous State 🧿Solid State ➖All the solid materials have a ...

👀Revision Notes on Human Health and Disease Types of Diseases The diseases may be broadly classified into two types: Congenital and acquired. (i) Congenital Diseases: These are anatomical or physiological abnormalities present from birth. They may be caused by (i) a single gene mutation (alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria, albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness); (ii) chromosomal aberrations (Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome); or (iii) environmental factors (cleft palate, harelip). Unlike the gene-and chromosome-induced congenital defects, environmentally caused abnormalities are not transmitted to the children. (ii) Acquired Diseases: These diseases develop after birth. They are further of two types: communicable and non-communicable. (a) Communicable (Infectious) Diseases: These diseases are caused by viruses, rickettsias, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and worms. (b) Noncommunicable (Noninfectious) Diseases: These diseases remain confined to ...